Christian Pentzold

AI is widely regarded as a transformative force, reshaping our understanding of both life and death. One experimental frontier is its ability to recreate deceased human beings. Our paper explores a nascent AI application situated at the threshold of existence. We analyze 50 cases from the United States, Europe, the Near East, and East Asia and distill three principal modes of AI resurrections: (1) Spectacularization, the public re-staging of iconic deceased cultural figures via immersive recreations for entertainment spectacle; (2) Sociopoliticization, the re-invoking of victims of violence in political or commemorative contexts, often as posthumous testimonies; and (3) Mundanization, the everyday re-vival of loved ones, allowing users to interact with the deceased through chatbots or synthetic media. To engage with the underlying exploitation of digital remains, we introduce the notion of spectral labor, arguing that the use of AI to animate the dead raises pressing legal and ethical concerns around posthumous appropriation and control.